Policy of Medicare System Essay Example for Free

Concept and Value of Entrepreneurship Free Essays

string(33) is brought about essentially or nurture. Question: What is enterprise? Delineate your answer with reasonable models from your nation of origin. These days, enterprise puts a significant determinant of improvement in the general public and viewed as the â€Å"rock stars† in the business world. As indicated by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), business is characterized as: ‘any endeavor to make another business undertaking or to extend a current business by an individual, a group of people or a built up business’. We will compose a custom article test on Idea and Value of Entrepreneurship or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now It implies that the people or a built up business can make a one of a kind, imaginative and innovative commitment whether in work or independent work. Simultaneously, business speaks to individuals who are headed to follow up on circumstances and ecological impetuses even with constrained assets. At its center, enterprise is beginning a business from thought origination to dealing with the organization as long as possible. There is no uncertainty that business merits the notoriety for the explanation that it has the degree of opportunity of which conventional supervisors can just dream. ( Morrison, 2000) In request to ask business enterprise profoundly, this article outlines two fundamental parts to examination business. The primary viewpoint is giving the idea of business enterprise including the clarification of business and talking about whether enterprise is stirred from nature or sustain. The subsequent part is thinking about the estimation of business enterprise. Section one: the idea of business Entrepreneurship can be clarified into different methodologies, including monetary methodology, character approach and different methodologies. In this part, the article put accentuation on the financial measurement and character measurement to break down the highlights recognized business people. The job of business enterprise is installed in the standard financial models. Thinking about the course of causality among business and economy, it very well may be demonstrated that monetary advancement produces numerous open doors which can change new thoughts and make the new endeavors. Unexpectedly, the formation of new ventures and the advancement of existed firms which invigorated by business enterprise may animate the monetary development. Subsequently, business enterprise can be viewed as both the circumstances and logical results of monetary turn of events. From a financial point of view, the proportion of business enterprise is the commitment of new firm development. Business visionaries are in excess of a businessperson, they are the theoretical merchant which is gifted to advance new thoughts, handle the chances and join the viable administration with development in the hazard and vulnerability foundation. When firing up another undertaking, there are various employments accessible can be created. When looking with the monetary droop and budgetary emergency, business visionaries can drive the organization escape the difficulty by taking advantage of lucky breaks and making advancement. There comes a resolution that the business people as the specialist of monetary change with the goal that it makes immense commitments to financial development. ( Oscar, Javier Pablo, 2009) It is a long way from enough for clarifying the business enterprise in monetary method of reasoning. Financial point of view disregards the unique human capacities and contrasts in human qualities, abilities and intensity of human will bring about various handy arrangements. Along these lines, it is fundamental to consider the character. Character qualities expect to utilizing the attributes of individual to clarify the distinctions of individual activities when confronting the comparative conditions. Character characteristics likewise clarify the practices of business people. There is no uncertainty that the individual character of business visionaries animates their interests, social communications and imagination. So as to give a profound comprehension of enterprise, there are a few attributes which have a cozy relationship with business. ( Littunen, 2000) Innovation is the spirit of business. Hampered by vulnerability and restricted assets, business people ought to answer the assortment deft proficiently and get inventive in confronting the difficulties. Since the substance of business enterprise is doing the various things as opposed to improving something, the absence of development will bring about the decrease of big business, in any event, dying. In the perspective of CEO Zhang Ruimin, business is the inventive annihilation, if the venture endeavors to make incredible accomplishments, there is a requirement for big business to devastate themselves, and else they will be wrecked by different firms. Along these lines, as of late, Haier set forward a thought that ventures ought to be adjust to the interest of age improvement other than willing to progress. Haier depends on the quest for advancement diligence by the methods for setting up a free activity method of the success win body effectively become a pioneer in the business. ( Okpara, 2007) Adventure is the idea of the pioneering soul. Looking with the potential dangers and vulnerability, it is difficult to have business if lacking of experience. It is said that you should kiss an enormous number of frog to discover the princess. It implies that business people ought to need to encounter misfortunes and disappointments so as to be achievement. Liu chuanzhi is the agent of business visionary in china. In spite of the fact that he has been mitigated from this office, he despite everything keens to begin new organizations. Notwithstanding confronting dangers and numerous difficulties, he expects to change Lenovo into an endeavor which produces ventures. It very well may be drawn that business visionaries have the soul of experience and set out to be the first. (Hadji, Cocks Mueller, 2007) Social vision is the way to enterprise. Social vision can be viewed as a solid feeling of commitment and predetermination to fulfill human needs. Having social vision elevates business people to discover the chances and go about as an operator of social age. Li kaifu, the CEO of Innovation Works, stress that business visionaries should pull out all the stops to create progressively social returns. He substantiates himself through activities. September 4, 2009, Kaifu Lee left Google to run his Innovation Works as a blessed messenger speculator and make new models for society by his gigantic impact. Li kaifu has the feeling of commitment and yearning to make commitment to social and monetary improvement by making new business and advancement. What’s more, there are numerous different qualities which are related with business enterprise, for example, locus of control, assurance, and trusting and reliable. At the point when enterprise draws in public’s consideration, there is a warmed discussion stirred about whether business is brought about essentially or sustain. You read Idea and Value of Entrepreneurship in classification Papers Some gatherings accepted that hereditary components existed to drive individuals to participate in enterprising movement. There is no uncertainty that a few sorts of specialities are individuals brought into the world with, for example, the inventiveness, audacious and locus of control. These attributes are dictated by hereditary factors as opposed to preparing or other ecological elements. It is demanded that qualities may have an impact on synthetic systems in the cerebrum with the goal that individuals possibly all the more ready to seek after pioneering action. Qualities likewise influence singular attributes which can make business visionaries not the same as others, for example, individuals who have attributes of inventiveness and locus of control are bound to hurl themselves to the innovative action. ( Kroeck, Bullough Reynolds, 2010) Genes endow individuals the capacity to be more touchy than others to natural upgrades, it implies that business people are simpler than others to ace the social change so as to get ready ahead of time. What’s more, qualities may make individuals to great at find positive elements and chances to guarantee the organization improvement. Consequently, it is about difficult to locate a straightforward equation or business enterprise that can be prepared, the particular attributes and propensities controlled by the effective business visionaries was intrinsic. ( Kenney Mujtaba, 2007) However, a few gatherings take the contrary view that innovative pioneers are made instead of conceived. They consider that there is scarcely existed enterprise quality for the explanation that most of innovative pioneers start at a youthful age. As indicated by the review, about 33% of the enterprising pioneer said that working in the professional workplace makes basic commitment to the accomplishment of their business. Simultaneously, 45% of business visionaries set up their own organizations after the age of thirty. In spite of the fact that there still have youthful enterprising pioneer, it is no uncertainty that the information they procure in the school and the individual encounters through the corporate and social condition are basic to their prosperity. Notwithstanding the youthful age, over a portion of business visionaries viewed themselves as the â€Å"transitioned leader† for the explanation that they have invested a much energy in the conventional work before going into business. The training and encounters establish extraordinary framework on the business people. It very well may be inferred that business people are stirred from both nature and support. Some one of a kind attributes of business enterprise which incorporate inventiveness, locus of control and daring individuals are brought into the world with and can not be educated, these qualities make the pioneering pioneers separated from the customary supervisors. By and by, turning out to be effective business people and maintaining the business effectively in the long haul are not just requiring the fortes, yet in addition relying upon the blend of interior and outside elements, comprising of training, timing, culture, social condition and now and then karma. Section two: the estimation of business enterprise Almost witho

Mind Maps for Essay Writing (Guide + Examples) - Focus

Mind Maps for Essay Writing (Guide + Examples) - Focus In this article well show you how  to use mind maps for essay writing. Mind maps can not only make this often dreadful task a whole lot easier, but also save you a huge amount of time. If you want to learn how this simple yet effective technique works, just follow the steps as outlined below. Looking for even more ways to use mind maps? Get inspired with these 13 mind map examples. What Is a Mind Map? A mind map is a diagram that displays information visually. You can create mind maps using pen and paper, or you can use an online mind mapping tool such as MindMeister. Whatever  you use, the rules for creating a mind map are simple: 1) Write the subject in the center of your  paper / canvas. 2) Draw branches that point away from the center. Each branch symbolizes one thought or idea related to the subject. Use meaningful keywords to write these ideas onto the branches. 3) From each branch more ideas can branch off. There is no limit to the number of hierarchical levels in a map. 4) Use colors, icons and images whenever possible. These function as mental triggers and can help spark new ideas in you, which is important during brainstorming sessions. Now that you know how to create a basic mind map, lets go over how you can use mind maps for essay writing. Step 1: Using a Mind Map to Find a Good Topic for Your  Essay If you have the opportunity to choose the topic for your paper yourself, try to find one thats been covered by other researchers before but still gives you a chance to come up with new findings and conclusions. If you choose a topic that has already been explored in depth by a gazillion other researchers, you might be hard-pressed to develop a unique perspective. Ideally, the topic should be something you are also personally interested in, or at least something you can relate to in some way. This will make the whole task of writing your essay a little less dreadful. The best way to find such a topic is a  brainstorming session. How to brainstorm topic ideas  in a mind map Create a new mind map and simply write My Essay or My Paper in the center of the map.  Now, start  adding ideas around the center. These can be things your  professor suggested, related subjects you discussed in class, or anything else relevant to get you started. Next, note down your own areas of interest and see where they intersect with the former. Once you have a few good ideas for the subject of your paper, you can start weighing them against each other, noting down pros and cons. Eliminate topics until you’re left with only one. This will be the topic of your paper. In the example below, the only requirement that had been given was to write a paper about literature from the English Renaissance. Youll see various famous writers of this time mentioned in the map, as well as various  aspects of their work that could be examined in a paper, such as the symbolism, dramatic conflicts or themes. Step 2: Start the Research Process While working through both primary and secondary sources, it’s quite easy to get confused about the numerous arguments and counterarguments mentioned by the different authors. Many students get frustrated and waste time just trying to figure out how to make all the different pieces of information fit together into a coherent text. What you need, therefore, is a system to collect and structure all this information  in one central place, so you can easily  review the materials while you write. How to collect research in a mind map Create a new mind map for each  source (book, article, essay) you read and take notes in this mind map while you work  through the text. Alternatively, you can use  one single map where you list all your sources and create branches for every page/paragraph/quote you want to use in your paper. In the map below, youll see that â€" based on our initial brainstorming session â€" we chose Love in Romeo and Juliet as the topic of our paper. For our research map, we wrote this topic in the center and created individual branches for each secondary source we read. Next to the book title, we noted down the topics covered in the source, its central question as well as important passages that we thought we might want to quote in our essay. Here are some practical tips to set you up for success: Use colors, arrows and icons to indicate connections between the arguments and quotes. Be sure to add the page numbers of your secondary sources to the topics in the map so you can quickly go back to do some more fact checking if necessary. If youre working with online sources, you can also attach their links directly to the topics in your map. As you go along, you can restructure the sources according to their common themes. This usually provides a better overview of the material you have available for each section of your paper. Heres another example of a research map. This is the map we used to take notes while reading Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, the subject of our paper. As you can see, we created branches for each of the text passages we wanted to analyze in the  essay. Step 3: Outline Your Paper in a Mind Map Before you start with the actual writing, its very important that you first  create an outline of your paper. This will help you  create a coherent structure of your arguments, counterarguments, examples, quotes, and the sources you want to reference in each argument. You can quickly review this outline whenever you get sidetracked in your writing process, or when youre unsure about how to continue. A mind map is a great format for such an  outline because it provides you with a visual  overview of your thesis statement  and the entire text structure. If youre using mind mapping software such as MindMeister, you can also Link the individual topics in your map with the respective research maps you’ve created. Add notes and deadlines to each step to make sure your writing stays on schedule. Export your finished outline as a  Word document and use it as the basis for your paper. Using mind maps to plan and outline your essay will not only make the writing process a lot easier. It will also enable you to work through sources more efficiently and help you find and review information more quickly. Of course, you can use mind mapping for all types of writing assignments â€" from essays to short stories and from book reports to blog posts. Try it out! Plan and outline your essays Try MindMeister See also: The Students Guide to Mind Mapping Mind Maps for Essay Writing (Guide + Examples) - Focus In this article well show you how  to use mind maps for essay writing. Mind maps can not only make this often dreadful task a whole lot easier, but also save you a huge amount of time. If you want to learn how this simple yet effective technique works, just follow the steps as outlined below. Looking for even more ways to use mind maps? Get inspired with these 13 mind map examples. What Is a Mind Map? A mind map is a diagram that displays information visually. You can create mind maps using pen and paper, or you can use an online mind mapping tool such as MindMeister. Whatever  you use, the rules for creating a mind map are simple: 1) Write the subject in the center of your  paper / canvas. 2) Draw branches that point away from the center. Each branch symbolizes one thought or idea related to the subject. Use meaningful keywords to write these ideas onto the branches. 3) From each branch more ideas can branch off. There is no limit to the number of hierarchical levels in a map. 4) Use colors, icons and images whenever possible. These function as mental triggers and can help spark new ideas in you, which is important during brainstorming sessions. Now that you know how to create a basic mind map, lets go over how you can use mind maps for essay writing. Step 1: Using a Mind Map to Find a Good Topic for Your  Essay If you have the opportunity to choose the topic for your paper yourself, try to find one thats been covered by other researchers before but still gives you a chance to come up with new findings and conclusions. If you choose a topic that has already been explored in depth by a gazillion other researchers, you might be hard-pressed to develop a unique perspective. Ideally, the topic should be something you are also personally interested in, or at least something you can relate to in some way. This will make the whole task of writing your essay a little less dreadful. The best way to find such a topic is a  brainstorming session. How to brainstorm topic ideas  in a mind map Create a new mind map and simply write My Essay or My Paper in the center of the map.  Now, start  adding ideas around the center. These can be things your  professor suggested, related subjects you discussed in class, or anything else relevant to get you started. Next, note down your own areas of interest and see where they intersect with the former. Once you have a few good ideas for the subject of your paper, you can start weighing them against each other, noting down pros and cons. Eliminate topics until you’re left with only one. This will be the topic of your paper. In the example below, the only requirement that had been given was to write a paper about literature from the English Renaissance. Youll see various famous writers of this time mentioned in the map, as well as various  aspects of their work that could be examined in a paper, such as the symbolism, dramatic conflicts or themes. Step 2: Start the Research Process While working through both primary and secondary sources, it’s quite easy to get confused about the numerous arguments and counterarguments mentioned by the different authors. Many students get frustrated and waste time just trying to figure out how to make all the different pieces of information fit together into a coherent text. What you need, therefore, is a system to collect and structure all this information  in one central place, so you can easily  review the materials while you write. How to collect research in a mind map Create a new mind map for each  source (book, article, essay) you read and take notes in this mind map while you work  through the text. Alternatively, you can use  one single map where you list all your sources and create branches for every page/paragraph/quote you want to use in your paper. In the map below, youll see that â€" based on our initial brainstorming session â€" we chose Love in Romeo and Juliet as the topic of our paper. For our research map, we wrote this topic in the center and created individual branches for each secondary source we read. Next to the book title, we noted down the topics covered in the source, its central question as well as important passages that we thought we might want to quote in our essay. Here are some practical tips to set you up for success: Use colors, arrows and icons to indicate connections between the arguments and quotes. Be sure to add the page numbers of your secondary sources to the topics in the map so you can quickly go back to do some more fact checking if necessary. If youre working with online sources, you can also attach their links directly to the topics in your map. As you go along, you can restructure the sources according to their common themes. This usually provides a better overview of the material you have available for each section of your paper. Heres another example of a research map. This is the map we used to take notes while reading Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, the subject of our paper. As you can see, we created branches for each of the text passages we wanted to analyze in the  essay. Step 3: Outline Your Paper in a Mind Map Before you start with the actual writing, its very important that you first  create an outline of your paper. This will help you  create a coherent structure of your arguments, counterarguments, examples, quotes, and the sources you want to reference in each argument. You can quickly review this outline whenever you get sidetracked in your writing process, or when youre unsure about how to continue. A mind map is a great format for such an  outline because it provides you with a visual  overview of your thesis statement  and the entire text structure. If youre using mind mapping software such as MindMeister, you can also Link the individual topics in your map with the respective research maps you’ve created. Add notes and deadlines to each step to make sure your writing stays on schedule. Export your finished outline as a  Word document and use it as the basis for your paper. Using mind maps to plan and outline your essay will not only make the writing process a lot easier. It will also enable you to work through sources more efficiently and help you find and review information more quickly. Of course, you can use mind mapping for all types of writing assignments â€" from essays to short stories and from book reports to blog posts. Try it out! Plan and outline your essays Try MindMeister See also: The Students Guide to Mind Mapping

Management Is The Fundamental Operation Of A Company By...

Jaquana Savage BUS 137 February 1, 2015 Module 1 Writing Assignment Management is the fundamental operation of a company by internal users. The management portion of a business is the most important part. It is the job of the manager to make sure that all duties are being carried out in an effective and efficient way. Managers must makes sure that tasks are fulfilled in a cost-effective and timely manner. They must work with a team of people to form a management unit. The four functions of management are planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Managers must set up a plan for achieving goals as a way to improve performance. For example, McDonalds must plan out the menu based on location to ensure success. When opening at a new†¦show more content†¦Planning gives a company the chance to make progress in an extended amount of time. Organizing is the second most important. It comes second nature to planning. Anybody can plan a business, but how it is organized and operated is another story. When a company organizes, they must decide what decisions will be made, who will carry out certain task, and who will work for the company. Planning and organizing is the determining factor between a fortune 500 company, and a â€Å"mom and pop† store that’s barely making money. I have never personally worked with a manager, but I have observed a manager hard at work. A good manager is one whose main goal is to satisfy the intended audience, but maintain a profitable, successful business. A good manager must be able to effectively communicate with customers, employers, or potential business partners. A bad manager would be one who only cares about their individual success in the workplace. While their main goal would still be to satisfy the customer, as long as the company is operating at a decent level, things are fine. Sometimes, it may not be the manager who are bad, it may be the events that influence the management and the organizational culture. There are three organizational cultures: creation, success, and change. The creation culture is all about the founders, the people admired for the accomplishments within the company, and the vision for the company. The success culture is all about the company’s beliefs, values,

Obesity Is A Disease - 1263 Words

Obesity is a disease. There is no way around that but how can America s Society help? How can someone prevent this? How can this disease be cured? Do you schools play an important role in a child’s health? Even though someone may not seem obese they are and doctors and scientist have came up with the BMI scale to prove it. Someone can be very fit by playing sports and working out everyday but if their height and weight don’t meet at the appropriate spot on the chart then they are considered obese. Schools are having a huge impact on today s youth due to the simple fact that they are changing the menus and vending machines. Unfortunately more and more children are being bullied for being bigger than what many say to be â€Å"normal size†. Schools are trying to also prevent bullying but everything can not be caught and not everything is told to authority. Many children are getting away with bullying. Obesity and overweight are two totally different things. Just bec ause you are overweight does not mean you are obese quite yet. Being overweight just means you are a little too big for your height and age. Child obesity is just the worst because they are starting young. For the simple fact that children tend to make unhealthy food choices and eating habits. Go for the junk food instead of the fruit. Not all children but many. Family and social interactions have an influence on what children eat. Friends and television have a big influence because your friends are eating something andShow MoreRelatedObesity : The Disease Of Obesity Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesMore than 93 million Americans are affected by the disease of obesity (Obesity Action-Brochure). There are many ways to approach this disease, such as weight loss surgery, also known as bariatric surgery, or diet and exercise plans. Doctors and insurance companies have different requirements that the patient must meet in order for the surgery to take place. Obesity is a condition characterized by the excessive accumulation and storage of fat in the body. There is a difference between being overweightRead MoreObesity : A Disease ?1223 Words   |  5 Pages126 12 February 2017 Obesity, A Disease Per the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, more than 35 percent of American adults are obese, more than 34 percent is overweight, and 17 percent of the children from the United States are affected by obesity. Most people disregard the fact that Obesity is a known disease that affects our future and youth, but unlike most people I would rather save this human from their disease, by telling them they are unhealthyRead MoreIs Obesity a Disease?994 Words   |  4 PagesIs Obesity a Disease? After a long day of work or school, we have the choice to prepare ourselves a healthy meal or to get something quick and easy from the drive-through or a quick microwaveable dinner. Many of us do not have the time, or just simply choose not prepare healthy meals or exercise and it shows in our waistline. From the abundance of fast food chains on every corner to television and video games it is no wonder why we are putting on extra pounds. Obesity is caused by an unhealthy andRead MoreObesity As A Disease?1512 Words   |  7 PagesObesity as a Disease Recently, a lot of debate has gone around about whether or not obesity is considered a disease or not. It is very difficult to pinpoint one sole reason obesity is occurring in people, there are many different justifications for what causes a person to become obese. Obesity is a disease that is currently sweeping the entire world. Percentages of not just adults, but children are skyrocketing like never before. People have never been so overweight until now. I am going to examineRead MoreObesity Is A Disease?1410 Words   |  6 PagesHolly Elliott ENC 1101-13186 16 December 2015 Obesity Is a Disease About one-hundred million people in America are diagnosed with obesity every year, that’s one third of our population (Carson-Dewitt, Davidson, Atkins)! Obesity should be taken seriously because, it may cause permanent damage for us in the future. Many researchers have preformed various tests to prove that obesity is a disease. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, a disease is an illness that affects a person, animal, orRead MoreObesity Is Not A Disease1182 Words   |  5 PagesObesity has been measured or defined in various ways. Many researchers have differing opinions on the origins and effects of obesity. The rapidly increasing rates of obesity are often linked to a high calorie diet and little to no physical activity. Although obesity is seen as a disease that affects a person’s weight, it actually affects a lot more than that. Obesity can affect individuals in both adolescence and adulthood, their families, and the healthcare system. From an outside vie wpoint, obesityRead MoreObesity And Obesity Related Diseases Essay1706 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity has become staggering in the United States. Children are considered obese if they have thirty percent amount of body fat or more and is measured by body mass index (BMI). Body mass index conveys the correlation of body weight to height. If a child’s BMI is at or exceeding over the 95th percentile, meaning if their body mass index is greater than 95% of other children that are the same sex and age, they are obese. Doctor Jeffrey Levi, an executive director of the Trust for America’sRead MoreObesity And Obesity Related Diseases896 Words   |  4 PagesObesity is primarily measured in body mass index or BMI, a BMI over 30 is considered obese. Until recently, there has been a steady rise of the obesity prevalence over the last three decades. The American taxpayers and the medical community face a huge challenge with regards to the 34.9% of adults and 16.9% of chi ldren who struggle with obesity (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, Flegal, 2014). Even with the prevalence of obesity remaining flat, morbid obesity, a BMI of over 40 has increased by two to threeRead MoreObesity : Disease Associated With Obesity Essay887 Words   |  4 Pages1. List all of the diseases noted by the movie that is associated with obesity. To receive credit, this must be a complete list. The diseases associated with obesity are the following: Heart disease, Strokes, high blood pressure, Diabetes, asthma, some cancers, Gallbladder disease, Osteoarthritis, Gout, and Breathing problems such as sleep apnea. 2. Pick one in particular disease noted, and expand on it. Do the research and give etiology, signs, and symptoms. Also, list any treatments that are commonlyRead MoreObesity And Obesity Related Diseases1342 Words   |  6 Pagesgood-quality home cooking. Obesity and obesity related diseases have increased significantly in the U.S. since the mid 1970s. Over the same time, the number of fast food restaurants have more than doubled, placing fast food within close proximities to schools, work and home. A diet filled with fast food is strongly linked to weight gain, and insulin resistance, suggests obesity researcher and neurobiologist Stephan Guyenet Ph. D, an indicator sign that fast food increases the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes

Airline Management (Analysis of the ‘four pillars’) Free Essays

string(509) " by governments and consumers onto CO2 emissions and other negative externalities, company’s such as Virgin Atlantic \(2013\) have put more into reporting their impact on the environment from sustainability reports; in some continues such as the UK, reporting into emissions and environmental impact are becoming mandatory for listed companies, \(UK Government, 2013\), which will only increase the amount of information that the aviation sector will make public, \(Sustainable Aviation, 2014\) \[Online\]\." INTRODUCTION In 2008, the aviation sector signed a declaration, committing itself to the ‘four pillars’, an initiative to reduce emissions from the industry, (UNFCCC, 2008). This tone continued when world government’s met in Montreal in September 2013. The aviation industry recommended that, as part of a broad approach to address air transport’s climate impacts, a single global market-based measure (MBM) be agreed upon, allow for carriers to effectively compare efficiency. We will write a custom essay sample on Airline Management (Analysis of the ‘four pillars’) or any similar topic only for you Order Now This should be included into a broader package of measures including new aircraft technology, more efficient operations and better use of infrastructure, (ICAO, 2013) [Online]. The industry determined that a carbon-offsetting policy would be the best method, giving carriers the opportunity to tailor their response to their business development; in effect, ensuring that carriers feel the plan still allows for expansion to meet rising demand, (IATA, 2013) [Online]. The meeting concluded with the following, (ATAG, 2013) [Online]: Agree a roadmap for development of a single global MBM for aviation to be implemented from 2020 that can be adopted at ICAO’s next Assembly in 2016. Agree the principles for development of a global MBM, including: o The goal of carbon-neutral growth from 2020; o That aviation emissions should only be accounted for once; o That a global MBM should take account of different types of operator activity. This report will evaluate the progress made on ONE of the four pillars to reduce emissions from the aviation sector; whilst also paying attention to the barriers that carriers face in achieving these targets. The first section will provide a brief introduction to the four pillars as well as reasoning behind the choice in evaluation. A discussion will then follow answering the requirements of the report, before a conclusion summarises the findings. FOUR PILLARS The four pillars cover the entire scope of feasible methods to improve efficiency and reduce emissions. The pillars are technological process, improved infrastructure, operational measures and economic measures. Table 1 below provides a summary: This report has chosen to focus on the development of operational measures; the decision was driven by an interest in the development of fuel efficiency, business optimisation and carrier integration in a bid to reduce emissions from an industry that has always been labelled a major global polluter. With demand for air travel booming on the back of global urbanisation and emerging economies, more attention is being paid to carbon emissions from air travel. According to data from the Air Transport Action Group [ATAG] (2014), global emissions from air travel total 689mt, against a total of 34Billion tonnes of CO2 produced annually from human activity. With these figures, CO2 emissions from air-travel total 2% of annual emissions; in terms of transport, aviation is responsible for 12% of total emissions, compared with 74% from road transport. OPERATIONAL MEASURES As mentioned above, there are a number of factors, which with improvement can lead to a reduction in emissions. This section will concentrate on fuel efficiency, which will touch upon optimal aircraft use, new aircraft design and route optimisation. Also mentioned with be business optimisation, paying attention to carrier ‘load factor’, optimisation on ground-operations and also integration between carriers, which has included MA activity and also the introduction of alliances in the industry. The discussion will touch upon carrier cost reduction, which has become a major supporter of reduction on CO2 emissions given its link to fuel usage and so exposure to high oil prices. FUEL EFFICIENCY In terms of achievements so far, the issue of fuel efficiency has supported in recent years by the economic downturn and high oil prices. Carriers have look to reduce their fuel bills to stay profitable, focusing on a number of methods which also support fuel efficiency. To start, carriers have invested heavily in new aircraft after developments from both Boeing and Airbus support greater fuel efficiency. Airbus experienced its biggest year in 2011, receiving net orders for 1,419 new aircraft, buoyed by the launch of its A320neo, (Morrow, 2013) [Online], with similar success from Boeing, (BBC Business, 2014) [Online]. USA EXAMPLE Figure 1 shows that out of U.S. carriers Alaska Airlines came out as the most fuel efficient airline; what is most surprising is that the company has increased its business and routes by 33% 2000-2010, however has reported no increase in fuel use/emissions as investing in new planes has improved fuel efficiency greatly. The report also found that the fuel-efficiency gap between the best/worst airlines was 26%, (ICCT, 2013); the report also found that about one-third of the variation in efficiency likely comes from the deployment of different technology; for example Allegiant operates a fleet of McDonnell Douglas aircraft that date back to the 1970’s, while Alaska Airlines uses new Boeing planes that have technologies like ‘winglets’ to reduce fuel burn. These finding bode well for Boeing and Airbus as they continue to offer newer models. Recent additions such as Boeings 777X, a more fuel efficient version of the 777 Jumbo and Airbus’s A320 family have been well received; according to Boeing (2013) [Online], customers for the 777X include Gulf carriers along with Cathay Pacific and Lufthansa, with record breaking orders of 259, while Airbus (2013) [Online] confirmed its backlog of orders for the A320’s at over 10,000. These new planes will reduce both emissions and n oise pollution, allowing for negative externalities to be controlled as expansion continues. BUSINESS OPTIMIZATION Carriers have adopted a number of methods to optimise their operations. One factor has been the adoption of alliances between carriers, allowing for them to effectively ‘share’ their capacity. This has reduced the need for such aggressive expansion by some, which would have created too much competition on some routes. Furthermore, airlines have invested in newer aircraft to meet the needs of routes, such as smaller aircraft for new, short-haul routes and larger aircraft, such as the Airbus A380 for busier, long-haul routes. Emirates currently have orders for 90 A380’s as the carrier looks to expand capacity on a number of routes, (Wall, 2013) [Online]. FUTURE PROJECTS FOCUS (VIRGIN ATLANTIC) As more attention is paid by governments and consumers onto CO2 emissions and other negative externalities, company’s such as Virgin Atlantic (2013) have put more into reporting their impact on the environment from sustainability reports; in some continues such as the UK, reporting into emissions and environmental impact are becoming mandatory for listed companies, (UK Government, 2013), which will only increase the amount of information that the aviation sector will make public, (Sustainable Aviation, 2014) [Online]. You read "Airline Management (Analysis of the ‘four pillars’)" in category "Essay examples" According to Virgin Atlantic (2013), through its Sustainability Report 2013, the company focuses on a number of programs to improve sustainability. These include: Reducing CO2 emissions by 30% between 2007 and 2020. Improving the fleet of aircraft – currently Virgin Atlantic are taking delivery of 10 Airbus 330-300, which will replace the older Airbus 340-600 and be 30% more fuel efficient. Implementing technology to monitor aircraft fuel-use and routes to identify further carbon savings. PESTEL ANALYSIS This section will touch upon PESTEL analysis to look into the future possibilities to meet operational measure targets. In terms of driving-forces, a number of carriers will look to improve operational performance in a bid to lower costs and remain profitable as low-cost carrier reduce market prices and higher oil prices affect carrier margins. However, it has been noted that each carrier will take a differing approach, designed to also meet the requirements of current expansion plans. For example, take British Airways (BA); currently the carrier is involved in its ‘One Destination’ initiative, with a number of schemes underway to make the carrier carbon neutral from 2020, (Brittlebank, 2012) [Online]. According to British Airways (2013) the international community’s aim is to cut net CO2 emissions by 50% by 2050 (relative to 2005 levels). Figure 2 below provides a graphic to the proposal, identifying some of the key factors which will support the reduction. As mentioned prior, one of main drivers will be the continued improvement and market adoption of new aircraft. For example, British Airways (2013) estimates that the new Airbus A380 will have a 16% improvement in fuel efficiency compared to the aircraft it will replace, mainly down to the capacity of the aircraft, which can be used on longer routes, such as Hong Kong and Los Angeles. Improvements such as these will continue to drive down CO2 emissions per passenger kilometres, a metric widely used in the airline industry to measure efficiency. In 2012, BA aircraft emitted 101.9g/CO2 per passenger kilometre, while Emirates emitted 100.6 (Emirates, 2013), Lufthansa 109.3 and EasyJet 95.6 (EasyJet, 2013) [Online]. One factor that each airline has in common is major deliveries of new aircraft. While new aircraft will continue to benefit both the environment and also the airline in terms of lower fuel bills, headwinds will appear in the long-term. While the current spate of aircraft order s has been supported by growth opportunities and profitability in the industry, long-term risks to demand could dampen the need and justification to purchase new aircraft. Furthermore, it has also been noticed that the recent rise in airline purchases has been fuelled by expansion projects from carriers in the Middle East and Asia, while European airlines seen less reluctant to purchase than previously as profitability has waned. Given this, the risk is that in the long-term, order may decline, which would impact on carriers ability to further reduce emissions. For example, British Airways (2013) are targeting efficiency of 83g/CO2 per passenger kilometre by 2025, which will require the support of capital expenditure. Given the current reduction in the carriers profitability over the year, continued weakness may make current expenditure plans un-obtainable. Figure 2 also highlights the potential for low-carbon fuels to support the four pillars. Both BA and Cathay Pacific (2013) among other have highlighted development into biofuels as a future growth area. The process involves inputting commercial/ residential organic waste into a boiler, where extremely high pressure plasma breaks down the waste into gases. These gases are then cooled and cleaned, before the Fischer-Tropsch process re-forms the gas into low-carbon jet fuel, (British Airways, 2013). BA is currently involved in a UK-based project with Solena Fuels Corporation to construct a waste-to-fuel plant, which at its peak will convert 500,000 tonnes of water into 50,000 tonnes of jet fuel each year, (British Airways, 2013). Cathay Pacific (2013) also remained optimistic on biofuels, implementing a number of projects itself. While development will be buoyed by social/ political acceptance of biofuels in the future and the green-credentials it provides, there are also factors, such as the costs involved and its competitiveness with current kerosene supplies. Another driver to mention will be the potential for demand. Figure 2 highlights that in the long-term, BA see a reduction in demand as one support for lower emissions; however this may not be the same for carriers such as Emirates, or others in Asia, Africa. Emirates recently reported a 4.5% in aircraft movements given new routes and higher demand, (Emirates, 2013). Given this, the need for a streamline of global initiatives is needed as emerging airlines increase slights to meet increased demand. Another driver identified is the purchase of emission reductions, or ‘carbon offsets’, with the money invested into initiatives to reduce emissions in other areas, which could be seen to offset the emissions from carrier operations. For example, Cathay Pacific (2013) has used money raised to invest in hydropower/ wind power projects in China. These programmes are now run by over 35 airlines, however require voluntary donations from passengers, IATA (2014) [Online]. The main risk is that the projects rely on the social responsibility of customers; an over reliance on these programmes to reduce emissions could back-fire if customers do not share the view; PriceWaterhouseCoopers (2013) suggests that carriers may need to purchase an extra ˆ1.1Billion of carbon offsets annually by 2030 to reach targets. PriceWaterhouseCoopers, hereafter PWC, (2013) backs up the above in its latest report. After mentioning the halving on aviation emissions by 2050, PWC shows its scepticism, saying that reaching the target will not be easy and would require improvements in carbon intensity of 5.1% every year. Ultimately, advances in fuel efficiency would need to be accelerated along with adoption of biofuels. To add, the report mentioned that a global consensus on sustainable aviation was needed before acceleration in improvements can be seen. The fear is that any improvement from airlines operating in advanced economies could be offset on a global scale by less-efficient emerging airlines from China and India etc., who may not have the financial means to invest heavily in the newest aircraft. GROUND OPERATIONS As mentioned in the Four Pillars, efficiency in ground operations will also support a reduction in emissions. Easyjet (2013) [Online] mentioned that they avoid ‘congested hubs’, such as Heathrow and Frankfurt, to help reduce taxiing and holding patterns, which will use less fuel and so emit less carbon. Furthermore, low-cost airlines have also been known for quick turnaround, allowing for greater efficiency from their current fleet, (Barrett, 2009). SUMMARY The report chose to focus on operational management as a tool to reduce emissions, focusing on fuel efficiency, new aircraft, and route optimisation. The report found that fuel efficiency, driven by new aircraft models has become a high priority; while the decision will have been impacted by a move to reduce emissions, there is also the thought that the trend of high-oil prices, coupled with lower earnings over the economic crisis would have pushed a number of carriers to seek cost-reductions and efficiency drives. Given this, past improvements in efficiency have been strong; however, strong growth in demand from emerging economies has led to a marketable rise in flights, pushing overall emissions higher. For example, Emirates, seen as one of the fastest growing carriers could be used as a barometer. While the carrier has reported improvements in fuel efficiency, due to new aircraft and routes, the carrier reported a 15.9% increase in overall CO2 emissions to 22.4Million tonnes, (Emirates, 2013). Looking ahead into the future, the report has highlighted a number of factors for improvement; being higher adoption of new aircraft, increased adoption of biofuels and purchase of emission reductions. Carriers will continue to place attention on new aircraft/ biofuels as focus remain firmly on cost-reductions; however, the level of long-term success will depend upon profitability, which will impact directly on future capital expenditure plans. To add, not all carriers may share the same plans as emerging carriers may focus on growth and profitability over the environment. To combat this, PWC (2013) identified that a global consensus is needed; currently regulation in the USA/ Europe is much higher than seen in Asia/ Middle East/ Africa, creating unfavourable discrepancy to airlines, such as BA. Carbon offsetting was also identified as a major growth initiative, however as mentioned this currently relies on customer donations; as so both social and political attention on the effects of emissions need to be heightened to encourage offsetting by the public. Operational measures provide great opportunities to further reduce emissions; however, carriers need to ensure they have the funds available for capital expenditure, and the public support/ donations to move ahead with carbon offsetting plans. Finally, it is important to mention that while fuel efficiency will continue to improve, strong increases in demand may lead to overall emissions increases as flight numbers/routes are increased by emerging airlines. This has been seen with data from Emirates; under these circumstances carriers would need to accelerate all initiatives in a bid to meet targets that would seem ambitious. All four pillars will need a global consensus to support target achievement. REFERENCES Airbus (2013) [Online]: Orders Deliveries, Available at http://www.airbus.com/company/market/orders-deliveries/, Accessed 12/01/2014. Air Transport Action Group (2014) [Online]: Facts and Figures, Available athttp://www.atag.org/facts-and-figures.html, Accessed 12/01/2014. ATAG (2013) [Online]: 38th ICAO Assembly, Available at http://www.atag.org/our-activities/38th-icao-assembly.html, Accessed 22/03/2014. Barrett, S (2009): Deregulation and the Airline Business in Europe, EU, Routledge. BBC Business (2014) [Online]: Boeing reports record orders and deliveries for 2013, Available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-25622236, Accessed 22/03/2014. Boeing (2013) [Online]: Media Releases; Boeing launches 777X with record-breaking orders, Available athttp://boeing.mediaroom.com/Boeing-Launches-777X-with-Record-Breaking-Orders-Strengthens-Partnerships-in-the-Middle-East-at-the-2013-Dubai-Airshow, Accessed 12/01/2014. British Airways (2013): Corporate Responsibility Summary, London, British Airways. Brittlebank, W (2012) [Online]: British Airways aims for carbon neutral growth, Available at http://www.climateactionprogramme.org/news/british_airways_aims_for_carbon_neutral_growth/, Accessed 22/03/2014. Cathay Pacific (2013): Sustainability Matters, Hong Kong, Cathay Pacific. EasyJet (2013) [Online]: In the air, Available at https://www.easyjet.com/EN/environment/green_in_the_air.shtml, Accessed 22/03/2014. Emirates (2013): The Emirates Group Environment Report 2012-13, UAE, Emirates Group. IATA (2013) [Online]: IATA Carbon Offset Program, Available at https://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/pages/carbon-offset.aspx, Accessed 22/03/2014. IATA (2014) [Online]: Fact Sheet: Carbon Offset, Available at http://www.iata.org/pressroom/facts_figures/fact_sheets/pages/carbon-offsets.aspx, Accessed 22/03/2014. ICAO (2013) [Online]: 38th Assembly Session, Available at http://www.icao.int/Meetings/a38/Pages/documentation-wp-presentations.aspx, Accessed 22/03/2014. International Council of Clean Transportation (2013); U.S. Domestic Airline Fuel Efficiency Ranking 2010, USA, ICCT Publications. Morrow, D (2013) [Online]: Airbus close to setting new order record, Available at http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airbus-close-to-setting-new-order-record-393827/, Accessed 23/03/2014. PriceWaterhouseCoopers (2013): A sustainable future for aviation; the future of international aviation emissions could be determined in the next 12 months, London, PWC. UNFCCC (2008): The right flight path to reduce aviation emissions, USA, UNFCCC. Virgin Atlantic (2013); Sustainability Report 2013, UK, Virgin Atlantic. Wall, R (2013) [Online]: Emirates orders additional 50 airbus 1380’s to expand fleet, Available at http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-11-16/emirates-said-in-talks-to-order-50-airbus-a380-superjumbos-1-.html, Accessed 22/03/2014. How to cite Airline Management (Analysis of the ‘four pillars’), Essay examples

Old Generation versus New Generation of Teenagers free essay sample

Today In our society, there Is a debate regarding on who Is the better generation? Is It the Old Generation which are born from 80s and below or the New Generation which are born from 90s and up to now? What are the traits of the New Generation that the old Generation dont have? And which traits of the New Generation do the Old Generation doesnt have? I had read one article in the internet regarding this issue; the article said that the teens today are more impulsive than the teens of the old generation. We will write a custom essay sample on Old Generation versus New Generation of Teenagers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nowadays, most of the teenagers are impulsive, meaning it doesnt think before they act or they act without forethought. This issue is proven in many psychological studies and surveys regarding on how the teenagers nowadays thinks or react regarding a certain actions or problems. The teenagers today are more liberated than the teenagers of the old generation. The technology today influences the behaviour of the young ones and the teenagers of this generation. Based on the studies, one of the factors that affect the behaviour of the young ones and the teens of this generation Is the social media. Social media refers to the Interaction among people In which they create, share, and/ or exchange information and ideas in virtual communities and networks. The examples of social media are the social networking sites (Facebook, twitter, Instagram etc. ), TV programs, movies etc. all of these affects the behaviour of the teenagers. Also the attitude of the parents towards their siblings or children also affects the behaviour of the teens. Nowadays, most of the parents are not that so strict to their children, if their sons or daughters commit mistakes, they just simply talk to them unlike in the old generation where in corporal punishments are made when the children or teenagers did a mistake. In the old generation, the teenager thinks before hey act or they ask for guidance from their parents before doing something because they were afraid of committing mistakes unlike the teenagers today wherein they act as If they know everything and they are so Impulsive. The Impulsiveness of the teenagers nowadays made them worst compare to the teenagers of the old generations. Today, a lot of crimes were made that involves a youth or a teenager, crimes such as rape, robbery, murder etc. Because of the modernizations that are happening, the behaviour of the people changes, not only the behaviour of the youth of the new generation but also the ehaviour of the adults or those were born in the old generation. The old generation must guide the youth of the new generation towards becoming a good person because based on the article that I had read which they conducted a study on why teenagers are so Impulsive. On the whole, teenagers made about 15% more errors than adults and because of this the adults must serve as a gulde for the new generation of the teens. If the adults Influence them In a good way, then the teenagers of this new generation will become a better person but if the old generations or ea u ts intluence will be worst. them in a wrong way, then the tuture ot mankind